Women Organizers in the Civil Rights Movement Free Essays

string(52) for African American Social and American progress. Ladies coordinators in the Civil Rights development (1950’s-1960’s) Women have consistently been viewed as key parental figure in bringing and creating kids up in the general public. During the time of 1950 to 1970, numerous pieces of the world were damaged with social liberties development. The developments were described with fights and common obstruction griping about segregation monetary and political independence. We will compose a custom exposition test on Ladies Organizers in the Civil Rights Movement or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Ladies took up the activity to take an interest in these developments. This circumstance later prompted genuine showdown between government specialists and activists. A large number of individuals participated in the common right development of that period particularly in the United States. The key chiefs of the crusade, incorporate; Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Rosa Parks, James Meredith and Medgar Evers, assumed pivotal jobs for of the accomplishments of the Civil Rights Movement in America[1]. This paper covers factors that propelled ladies, the commitments they had, jobs they played just as the issues they experienced during the social equality development of 1950’s and 1960’s. The vast majority of the ladies who were engaged with these developments were conceived during the subjection time frame, consequently the agony and enduring they encountered around then animated them to stand up against mistreatment. One of the most vocal ladies who began to oppose abuse was Wells Barnett. She started her battle in 1909, by venturing out abroad to look for worldwide consideration on this issue[2]. She likewise framed National relationship for the progressed of Colored individuals. Her endeavors were later joined by the battle for sex sharpening by Mary Church Terrell. She was exceptionally vocal and talked about isolation of the blacks out in the open eating joints. She drove the vast majority of the residents to blacklists and picketing to stand out to racial injustice[3]. She set up the dark club development that prompted the arrangement of National Association of Colored Women like that of Barnett. She was additionally exceptionally instrumental in raising socially dynamic foundations, for example, mother clubs and nursery schools. The multi year battles with specialists bow her organic products when the Supreme Court decided that isolation of open eating places was unconstitutional[4]. Another instrumental woman in these developments was Mary McLeod. She regularly cooperated with both Terrell and Barnett. Mary turned into the leader of National Association of Colored Women[5]. Being at the incomparable of the association, she turned into an old buddy of Sara Roosevelt the mother of Franklin Roosevelt civic chairman of New York. She utilized the great compatibility she had with this politically persuasive family to proceed with her battle for social equity of the black[6]. She was later delegated to be the head of National Youth Council by President Roosevelt. Eleanor Roosevelt took a similar way in the wake of being roused by Terrell and Mary McLeod. After her significant other was chosen as the 32nd president Eleanor got instrumental in battling shamefulness by pointing out for worldwide and national the impacts of abuse and racial segregation. She made a strong stride and left the Daughter of American Revolution since they had varied in belief systems. Ella bread cook was another dissident who devoted her opportunity to revolt against mistreatment. She was viewed as the pioneer off camera. She battled to concentrate because of the way that her family was not well of. She graduated and turned into an educator. She migrated to New York and quit her calling to participate in social change. She engaged with NAACP in the grassroots level in enrolling more individuals to the association. She additionally was instrumental in the arrangement of other little associations, for example, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. These developments later were utilized by Martin Luther King Jr. to sort out his blacklist and peaceful development. The influx of ladies support in the common development was relentless. Rosa Park, who was broadly viewed as the mother of the social liberties development, was additionally contributed in this battle. She is accepted to have begun the primary battle of these social equality development. She encountered trouble in finishing her instruction because of the exacting guidelines for the dark youngsters. The dark kids were intended to read for just five moths in a year and the remainder of the year they invested energy in the cotton fields as workers. Rosa moved on from secondary school after she got hitched to Raymond parks[7]. This started her endeavors to battle racial shamefulness. She joined National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Montgomery section as the main lady. She was instrumental individual from this association and was chosen secretary. Her dynamic contribution in National Association of Advanced Colored People prompted her capture on 1955[8]. Rosa’s life as an African American kept on confronting difficulties. The abuse she got from the whites while she was in a transport made her to dispatch a colossal blacklist of utilizing Montgomery transports by the Afro-Americans. She chose to sort out this blacklist after she got captured for declining to give out her seat to a white traveler in the transport. The blacklist went on for 381 days inciting her to be consumed by the Montgomery Improvement Association which was framed by Martin Luther King Jr[9]. This demonstration of blacklist was trailed by a progression of raising dissent, developments and rebellions by African Americans. During the ideal opportunity for blacklist Rosa composed for the blacks to get rides from vehicle pool ups and different whites who offered to help. The utilized the trademark ‘don’t utilize the transport today. Don’t use it for opportunity. ’ The boycotters along with Mrs. Rosa Park indicted the case questioning the isolation in buses[10]. They later worn the case after the court governed on their kindness. After the fruitful blacklist Rosa and her families were not secure in Montgomery. They migrated to Detroit where she worked for congressman John Conyers. She kept on raising her voice and instigated the young to take up the battle for African American Social and American advancement. You read Ladies Organizers in the Civil Rights Movement in classification Paper models After the ladies political chamber had started the blacklist in Montgomery, Martin Luther lord went to the spotlight assuming all the acknowledgment as the pioneer for the peaceful obstruction. Martin Luther King Jr. what's more, Malcolm X crossed various segments of the nation giving amazing addresses and activating peaceful developments. Flashes of none fierce developments were seen in different pieces of the country[11]. These peaceful developments heightened to savage racial resistance in significant urban areas in the U. S. s the development went activist it incited the whites against ace dark strategies and the police. The achievement of occasions of this decade was at the pinnacle when the Supreme Court chooses the instance of earthy colored v leading body of ins truction deciding for earthy colored. The court proclaimed that isolation of schools illegal. In the 1960’s numerous ladies rights bunch were built up to proceed with the battle against racial shamefulness and persecution. This was the decade that saw dynamic ladies rights development in the United States and around the world. A large portion of these gatherings included female understudies who upheld for equivalent business open door for the two people. They additionally campaigned for requirement of equivalent rights laws. Soon thereafter national association for ladies was shaped to supplant ladies commission and it proceeded with the battle against sexual segregation. The commission was disbanded because of absence of assets. The ladies value activity class established in 1968, tried to examine imbalances in staff pay and advancements of the two people in instruction workforce. These exceptional ladies assumed a significant job in motivating different activists and grassroots pioneers who thusly assembled an ever increasing number of individuals to join the battle. These ladies additionally helped a great many ladies to pick up their major rights as ladies. They were for the most part roused by the mass adherents they had. Inspiration additionally originated from the cases they had in courts which wound up preferring the blacks and pronouncing a large portion of the isolation unlawful. They drew their motivation from social equality development they had sorted out. The associations they were engaged with had a great deal of trust in them thus they chose these ladies for high posts which supported their circumstance and gave them an advantage in sorting out the struggle[12]. To beat the issues they experienced they framed associations, for example, national Organization for ladies. National Organization of Women key order was to edify the ladies to completely take part in mainstreaming of American culture. These associations united them in solidarity and expanded their mindfulness on basic issues that influence them. This empowered them to have a solid voice over the persecution and disregard they were confronting and constrained the government to authorize the law. The philosophies instigated by certain dark force development were damaging and cultivated social clash. This represented a test to the endeavors of the ladies who composed developments previously. The other significant test that influenced these bold ladies is the way that a large portion of the persuasive pioneers, who had stuck to this same pattern to lead mass development, wound up being captured or assassinated[13]. A genuine model is the instances of Malcolm x and Martin Luther King. The women’s resolve was subverted by these demonstrations. The matchless quality of the white likewise sabotaged their endeavors as in they appeared to twist the law on their kindness and mistreated the blacks in all parts. The common war heighten

Case study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contextual investigation - Coursework Example The organization is as of now experiencing an administrative gathering to discover answers for objective of accomplishing more prominent development. The best seven administrators are available there. It appears the organization needs assistance because of the reality they are guiding off base and squandered two days talking about transient working issues. The organization needs to employ an expert to support them. On the off chance that a directorate exists it ought to be engaged with the procedure. An agent from every one of the laborer associations ought to be available too to give included knowledge that could be useful in finding an answer. The task champion ought to be the outside specialist. Close down - The present task requires a point by point plan of how the organization will accomplish development in the long haul. The individual who is at last answerable for the venture is the originator of the organization, John Bigboss. He is the individual that should approve the task. Tips - Some accommodating tips to consider is reporting the advancement of the venture consistently and setting a particular course of events for fruition of the task. It is significant adjust the objectives of the organization to the worker desires. All partners ought to get a composed correspondence of the organization key move. A relief plan ought to set up to limit business

Life Is A Journey Compare and Contrast Essay

Life is an excursion that starts when you are conceived. Through this excursion, we see and hear numerous things that change the manner in which we consider the individuals who impact us just as our general surroundings. Jack Kerouac’s On the Road, is an extraordinary case of the subject â€Å"life is a journey†. This tale is around two characters, Sal Paradise, a youthful author, and Dean Moriarty, a wild youth who makes every moment count. Together they go all around America; their excursions incorporate going through the wild, unassuming communities, wildernesses, and deserts. The Miraculous Journey of Rubin Carter by James S. Hirsch is a tale about a boxing legend that is confined by a screwy cop for a homicide he didn’t submit. Carter went through twenty-two years of his life in jail for something he didn’t do, yet as opposed to feeling frustrated about himself Carter attempted to give it his best shot to demonstrate his honesty. He composed a self-po rtrayal in jail, which at last aided in drawing out reality and he would get his equity. see more:city and town life There are a wide range of topics in On the Road, however life is an excursion is the most grounded subject in this novel. By perusing the title alone this topic is predominant, on the grounds that Sal and Dean are continually making a trip starting with one spot then onto the next. Sal is a befuddled individual, who can’t conclude whether to carry on with a customary life by settling down and beginning a family or to go around appreciating life like his companion Dean. Senior member carries on with an actual existence liberated from weight, and duty and he appears to be upbeat all through the novel. He is the presumably the most intriguing character with regards to On the Road since he is basically what the various characters in the novel need to be. Dignitary intrigues Sal, and they become truly dear companions. They start an anxious excursion going to and fro the nation over. They go to Denver, California, New Orleans, San Francisco, New York, and afterward Mexico City. Sal begins the book as being discouraged, gains satisfaction, certainty, and experiences passionate feelings toward the end. The topic of life is an excursion is likewise a conspicuous subject in The Miraculous Journey of Rubin Carter. Carter goes from being a contender for the middleweight boxing crown to prison, accused of murders. The preliminary was racially one-sided, in light of the fact that Rubin Carter and John Artis, an associate of Carter’s, were the main dark individuals in the court, both blameless men were condemned to life in jail. While in jail, Carter would not carry on like a blameworthy man by not wearing the jail uniform, or eating jail food,â and declining to see a probation officer. He composed an auto-life story entitled The Sixteenth Round: From Number 1 Contender to #45472, with this book he would meet a gathering of Canadians that would assist him with turning into a liberated person. Carter lost his family, boxing profession, and 22 years of his life, yet he would not permit the sharpness beat him. At the point when Carter was at last discharged in 1988, he stated: â€Å"If I have adapted nothing else throughout everyday life, I’ve discovered that sharpness onlyâ consumes the vessel that contains it. What's more, for me to allow bitternessâ to control or taint my life in any capacity at all, would be to allowâ those who detained me to take considerably more than the twenty-two years they’ve effectively taken. Presently, that would make me an accessory to their crime†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Life is anything but a still or fleeting occasion. It is a procedure of movement, an excursion with many good and bad times. The characters in both On the Road and The Miraculous Journey of Rubin Carter experienced a wide range of feelings. The two books had interesting excursions through life, with both consummation in a positive way.

A Technology Changing The Boundary Of The Firm - Free Essay Example

The internet is a network of computers who can share data and communicate between them. Its reach is almost every place in this world (see table 1). Any other technology has never changed a business as fast as internet has done. There are many stories of how a business been transformed on internet. EBay, the biggest e-shop was created by his founder to trade niche goods but now, one can buy or sell almost everything in this world to virtually everywhere. You can transform your business if you are nicely connected to your customers, suppliers and other trade partners. Internet is the best possible connector in a business who is at your service for virtually nothing. There is whole world at your disposal and you donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need to open a shop everywhere. Only thing you need is internet connection with some computer system. If you are able to offer a better deal you are in business otherwise, irrespective of how big or small you are, you are going to run out of business. The impact of internet includes: Less importance of economies of scale. Fewer barriers to internationalization. Lower marketing communication costs. Greater price standardization. Less information floating time. Easy and fast communication between buyer and sellers. Changes in intermediary relationships. The internet lowers transaction costs in three ways: Search costs: The amount of information available to the buyer and the seller can be increased with the help of internet and that can be accessed conveniently and timely. Contracting costs: The internet helps to establish better communication and monitor the performance of partners in business relationship. It is easier to negotiate and compare prices via internet. Co-ordination costs: The cost of sharing information is reduced due to internet and is helpful in integrating business operations. What is e-business? (Kotler and Keller, 2009) e-business describes the use of electronic means and platform to conduct a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business. E-business is short form of electronic business, where internet and related technology is used for normal business operations. Here internet is used to increase productivity, reduce costs and thus to increase turnover. The effect of Internet on business Internet has changed the business immensely. It has made the world come closer and trade economically and efficiently. It has created a virtual market where everything is available, not physically but virtually. The greatest effect internet has done on business is that it made trade price sensitive and more logical. A customer now is able to do the research work or comparisons before buying a product or services. Not only customer but it has benefited firm as well. Now firm is able to reach distant customer easily and cheaply. They can create awareness about their product and can interact directly with customer to know their preference, problem and potential solution. There is lot more to come and has impact on almost every sector of business. In further chapters we will discuss about these impacts in detail. Dissertation Objective The objective of writing this dissertation is as follows: To analyse the role of internet in development of business. To highlight the way a firm can effectively use internet technology to gain competitive advantage over their competitors. Project Structure This dissertation is divided in seven chapters with each chapter dealing with a specific topic dealing how internet helps in developing a business. First chapter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Introductionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ contains the basic detail about the internet and their business application. Chapter 2 with heading literature review discusses about the internet and its impact on international marketing, the internet and the e-value chain and international marketing strategy and e-business. Here, the things discussed are the essence of the academic work of known writers. Chapter three discusses about the virtual market (market space) and their different aspects (like how this market can be exploited, what the possible pitfall are and where opportunities lies). Chapter four is about marketing on internet. Here some of the important discussions are on interactive marketing, push marketing and advertising via internet. There is also discussion about global business strategy and driver that need t o be adopted for international marketing via internet. In chapter five, the academic analysis of internet as a tool for development of business is done. Here porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s generic competitive advantage model, Rayport and Sviokla model of marketspace and Dutta and Segevà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market space model has been discussed in brief. Further a SWOT analysis of inter is done with some suggestions. In chapter sis a very brief case study of eBay is done. Chapter seven is about the managerial implication of the changing scenario due to internet and in marketplace. Literature Review The Internet and its impact on International Marketing The Internet (Fletcher et al, 2005) The internet is a global network of interlinked computers operating on a standard protocol that allows information exchange. (Carolyn Siegel, 2004) It is the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest network of interconnected distributed computer networks. Thus we can infer that any system which is able to share information to other system through a globally accepted protocol is part of internet and this whole interconnection may be called as internet. Internet commerce (Kotler and Keller, 2009) e-commerce means that the company or site offers to transact or facilitate the selling of products and services online. The internet user in the world is growing fast and so is the market scope for the marketers. According to Internet World Stat, 23.8% of total world population are active internet user. Thus, a vast population of more than 1.5 billion is ready to buy and sell on internet given a better deal. It can be only imagined the vastness and growth of market that within 8 year (2000 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2008) the world internet users grew by 342% and out of those users, 85% have purchased something on internet (Source, Nielsen, Feb 2008). The Internet and International Marketing (Carolyn Siegel, 2004) Marketing is a collection of activities that bring buyers and sellers together to make exchanges that satisfy and give value to all parties. (Carolyn Siegel, 2004) Internet marketing or e-marketing (electronic marketing) is marketing on internet with the help of emails, World Wide Web or other means. It also includes production and selling of internet related products. According to Fletcher in 2005, the introduction of electronic business has changed the fundamental principles of international marketing. He pointed out certain things that internet has changed are: Size of firm is no longer a barrier to internationalization. No need of overseas intermediaries as it became easier to locate customer and deal directly with them. No longer is traditional way of internationalization (moving from familiar to less familiar country) applicable as information became easily available and the communication medium is interactive. The internet (as a low cost medium) allows small and medium firms to become global marketer at their early stage. This is due to the fact that internet can help establishing better communication among overseas customers, suppliers, agents and distributors. We will discuss more about drivers of internet business model, impact of internet on international marketing in chapter 5. Characteristics According to Richard Fletcher et al, 2005, the internet is both communication and a marketing intelligence tool. As a communication tool it helps to build and maintain effective communication with overseas suppliers, distributors and customers. The internet has good information processing capability which acts as link between firm and external environment (discussed later). This ability of internet used as marketing intelligence tool. The internet is used as marketing channel and has following characteristics: Ability to store vast amount of data (information) inexpensively at virtually different location. Interactivity and ability to provide information on demand. Relatively low entry and establishment costs for sellers. Serve as distribution medium for goods like software, e-books etc. Powerful and cheap tool for searching, organizing and processing information. The ability to provide better insight of a product than that of other form of printed catalogue. The Internet and the e-value chain Netchising or Virtual value chain According to Beck and Morrison (2000), the physical value chain activity while globalization has not seen good results. This is due to the fact that a firm uses their resources in overseas activity at the expense of opportunities of domestic market. Not only that, there are other problem faced by an organisation like coordination of physical operations across the globe, the cultural differences, the cost of expatriates and vulnerability to environmental risk that can damage reputation of the firm. Most of these problems can be effectively solved by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"netchisingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, a term coined by Beck and Morrison (2000). Netchising is the practice of handing over overseas operations to partners (generally overseas) by outsourcing, subcontracting or franchising. Netchising has following advantages: Efficiency: generally overseas partners are more efficient and are specialized in carrying out the outsourced activities than the outsourcing firm. Convenience: exchange of information becomes easy. Now, orders can be directly placed to the firm without any local agent and a firm can also share information to the customers directly. Reduction in Transaction cost: It reduces the cost of carrying business operations which ultimately benefit the profitability of firm. International value chain According to Plumley (2000), international e-business value chain is the combination of e-commerce platform and secure transaction support (see figure 2.1). The e-commerce platform builds on the countries business rules and language where as secure transaction support builds on currency clearing and legal requirement. According to Gartner Group, internet affects the supply chain (see figure 2.2). It shows that a customer can buy and pay for the product or services easily and at the same time a supplier can also communicate directly with customer and with their own other internal departments. International information chain According to Karmarkar (2000), internet value chain is closely linked with international information chain. The language and cultural differences is the main hurdle in the path of globalization of a firm. When a firm deals with information product (like music, e-books or software) then it becomes easier to go global. In certain cases when product or services are not much attached to language or cultural factors (for ex. Technical publishing and industrial services), then also it is easy to become global. In production of information product and services low labour cost is the key as relative cost of hardware and software has come down. Now, firms look for low cost labour market (like India, China) to develop information products. Outsourcing of information services (customer care service such as call centres) and software development cell are some examples. Thus we can say that in information value chain, the physical infrastructure doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t play a vital role. International Marketing Strategy and e-business Internet issue and foreign market entry According to Oxley and Yeung (2000), the e-commerce readiness of a market is determined by three factors: The rule of law: A customer is not able to see the original product while purchasing online. Therefore, they need to be assured that if they purchase a product or service online; they will get them as they were told or shown online in given time limit. According to survey by e-consultancy in 2008, 84% buyers look for the sign that a website is secure before making a purchase. Thus, a market (country) must be able to provide an environment where property rights are well defines, courts are efficient in resolving disputes and consumer credits and consumer protection regulations are well established and enforced (i.e. strong tradition of the rule of law). The transactional integrity of online business: It is difficult to track a e-business trader by their e-mail address or website. Also, the entry and exit barrier in e-business is low and this is used as a weapon by dishonest e-traders. They can execute fraud and again be able to do it with a new name (as they can entre again in market with new identity). When dispute arises, it is hard to practise legal action in a different country and can be costly. The availability of infrastructure: migration from traditional market to online market is not possible until customers have access to personal computer and internet connection at reasonable price. Apart from these facilities, they do have the facility of credit card or online payment system. Thus, internet related infrastructure and financial infrastructure are essential Electronic Marketplace à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? a virtual market According to Garrison, (1996), the internet acts as a catalyst for sociological change. It has changed the nature of market, the way of business operation and the mode of communication with customers and other business partners. It has created a market space which has affected the traditional marketplace and consumer preferences by providing greater facilities to them. Internet has become the largest market available to mankind where almost everything is been sell or bought. This market space doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t exist in physical terms but can get everything available in physical market. Physical vs. Virtual Value Chain Value chain is nothing but a set of value adding activity for the product or services. Rayport and Sviokla, 1996, argued about a new value chain termed as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"virtual value chainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ where product or services exist as a piece of information and can be delivered through information based channel of communication. This virtual value chain is different from physical or traditional value chain where one can see or touch products. He said the virtual world as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"market spaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ while the physical world as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"marketplaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. According to Fletchar et al 2005, the virtual value chain is a realm where products and services exist as digital information delivered through information based channel. He also differentiates virtual value chain and physical value chain on the basis of information used. The virtual value system uses information as the source of value while in physical value chain it is used as a supporting element of value adding process. Thus we can say that now a day a firm has to compete in two business environment, one is traditional and other is virtual business environment. The distinction between the two can be understood by this example. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“when consumers use answering machines to leave a message, they are using an object that is both made and sold in the physical world, however when they buy electronic answering services from the phone company they are using the market space à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  a virtual realm where products and services are digital information and are delivered through information-based channels.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Rayport and Sviokla, 1996) Figure 2: The Virtual Value Chain in relation to The Physical Value Chain (source: Hollensen, 2001). Adoption of Value Adding Activities: Company adopts value adding information activities in the following three stages: Visibility: Here large scale information systems are used to coordinate activities in the physical value chain. Mirroring Capability: It is the capability of substituting physical activities with virtual and thus creating a parallel virtual value chain in the marketspace (see figure 2). New Customer Relationship: This is the flow of information to customer to deliver value in new ways. This parallel physical and virtual value chain operation allow firms to deliver value to their customer in both marketspace and marketplace. These operations create marketspace based relationship with customers. The virtual value chain consists of five steps, say, gathering, organising, selecting, synthesizing and distributing information. These value adding activity allow company to identify customers desires more effectively and fulfil them more efficiently. This happens, for example, when a car manufacturer shifts its RD from the physical to the virtual value chain. By doing so, they involve customers of different locations in the new product development process. The physical value chain is linear (a sequence of activities with defined input and outputs), whereas the virtual value chain is non-linear (a matrix of potential inputs and outputs that can be accessed and distribute by a wide variety of channels). Relationship marketing It is a way of marketing where marketers or firm try to attract, maintain and enhance relationship with customers and other business partners. Internet (or website) acts as the best medium to communicate with people related to business. Firms now focus on relationship marketing to gather information from customers, to develop customized product or services for a focussed customer group. The internet helps firms to improve relationship with their customers and suppliers; and help them to work effectively. Now a firm doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need a middleman or a agent as they can sell directly to the customer via internet. Thus the distance with customer is decreasing and a firm need a smaller supply chain which can increase their profitability. The lesser distance also allows firms to establish a close relationship with customer and provide those customized products or services as per their need. The firms (like eBay, Google etc) involved in innovative business have always realized the power of customer relationship. They bank on the ability to process large relationship database. With the help of this relationship database they formulate their strategy and develop innovative way of marketing. The relationship marketing not only benefit the firm but also the customers. The customers are benefitted because firm can develop customized and focussed marketing message. Mattsson, (1996), has described a relationship as combination of three main components, which affect the parties involved in a business. Those components are legal(L), behavioural(P), and atmospheric (E). These three factor determines the success and failure of a relationship marketing in a particular market. Thus it is possible to have a successful buyer-seller relationship in domestic market totally failure in overseas market. Finally we can say that relationship marketing includes the management of a firm and thus it must be included in the business plan Marketing on the Internet Internet and Global Business Strategy (Kotler and Keller, 2006) e-marketing describes company offers to inform buyers, communicate, promote and sell its products and services over the internet. Drivers of Internet Adoption in International Marketing Once a firm establishes an internet portal (website), they automatically become a MNC (Multi National Company). Quelch and Kelvin (1996) describe two evolutionary paths of a website: Information to Transaction Model (figure 4.1) adopted by existing MNCs where they offer information to address the needs of existing customers. Transaction to Information Model (figure 4.2) adopted by internet start-up companies where they begin with transaction and use the medium to build brand image and secure repeat orders. The basic purpose of these models is either to reduce cost or to increase revenue. According to Quelch and Kelvin (1996), these drivers fall into four quadrant as given in figure 4.3. Internal customers focus/ cost reduction (quadrant 1): This is applicable to the companies who use website as a tool to communicate with their customers. Their main focus is to provide customer services for domestic market. They just happen to attract international traffic. Internal customer focus/ revenue generation (quadrant 2): This is applicable to the companies who use website not only to communicate with their domestic customers but also offer transactions online. This enables a firm to reach those international customers who might be inaccessible via other media. External customer focus/ cost reduction (quadrant 2): This is applicable to the companies whose main aim is to attract international audience through their website. This happens to benefit all customers because of the international scope of operations. External customer focus/ revenue generation (quadrant 3): This is applicable to the firms who not only focus on attracting international audience but also offer transactions worldwide. Here transaction involves connecting buyers and sellers. Company target providing services to existing customers and attract new customers from global market. Impact of Internet on International Marketing Variables The modification in marketing mix variables is necessary while using internet for international marketing. The impacts of internet on application of marketing mix while going to international market are as follows: Pricing: Due to internet customers are more aware of prices in different countries and thus there is increase in price standardization across borders and price differential become narrow. One advantage of this is that price can be customized easily with customers need and their profile (segment). Distribution Channels: Internet has dramatically reduced the number of intermediaries earlier needed for worldwide distribution channels. As now, less capital is needed for inventory and thus the role of intermediaries has been changed. The new roles of intermediaries include collection, spreading, interpretation and distribution of information rather than traditionally handling and distribution of products. Creation of new Market: Internet offers new opportunities for firms to create market by helping buyers and sellers to locate and negotiate trade terms with each other (ex. eBay etc). There is also a market developed for executing transaction between traders (ex. PayPal etc). New Product Diffusion: The traditional à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"test as you goà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ practice where shifting products from one country to another is now outdated. Now, new product announcement or launch generates immediate demand (as information travel faster on internet) and that requires immediate availability of goods. Customization: Due to internet, getting demographic and purchasing profile of customer became easy. This allows firms to customize products for local adaption as per local market demand. Advertising on internet Internet is a low cost advertising medium having reach to global audience. Advertising on internet includes banner advertising on website, email, blogs and links to search engines. As traditional media of advertising is quite expensive and at the same time internet infrastructure is improving day by day and able to prove support to video and graphics on web. With this improvement a firm can successfully launch an online advertisement campaign. Interactive advertising According to Haeckel, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Marketing interactivity is a person-to-person or person-to-technology exchange designed to effect a change in the knowledge or behaviour of at least one person.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? He also point out that interactivity is function of certain dimensions, which is given as: I = Æ'(N, C, F, SI, CI, T, CT, SY, M) Where, I = impact of interaction, M = Type of media involved (Other factors not discussed as not relevant to current topic). Now, as a technology, internet is the strongest media for interactive marketing. The reason for that is Internet is used by almost a quarter of the total world population. It is not limited to a particular geographic reason. The growth of user is fast. Cheapest and fastest way of interacting with majority of population (both for customer and marketers). Haeckel also pointed out that there is going to be much more business and marketing use through internet. He made a graph which shows how we find usage of a new technology with time (see graph below) and thus we can say there is more in store than what we are seeing and using presently. Even interactive marketing may see turnaround with this technology. Marketing with push technology (Wetzel, 2008) defined push marketing as, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“customers are provided information by receiving or viewing advertisements digitally, such as: e-mail, SMS, RSS, phone calls, etc., as subscribers of the latest product and service information provided by the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The internet is the cheapest and most effective media that is used for push marketing. Advantages of Push Marketing via Internet Tracking of Customer Preference: It is easier to track user preference with the help of push technology (internet) and customize according to their preferences. A good example of this is Google AdSense that tracks the users visited website or keywords in mail and according to those criteria it shows advertisement (related link). Increase Accessibility: With the help of push marketing a firm can increase customer accessibility by the firms marketing and advertisement of the products. Subscribers get pushed by built in developed software called PointCast that enable users to receive automatic content updates via their internet connection and web presence as the channel to get information when their computers are not in use. Corporate identity in cyberspace Firms are now using web to extend and reinforce their companies brand image in a cost efficient manner. This serves as a complementary media device that re-establishes a firm in consumers mind. By providing valuable information to users a firm can expand their brand image. The regular updating of information may attract customers to visit website regularly, which will reinforce firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s image and provide them a chance to create a new and extended cyber image. Analysis and Methodology Competitive Advantage via Internet Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s three generic strategies for competitive advantage According to Porter (1985), a firm can earn high return if they are able to position themselves well enough, irrespective of the structure of the industry and profitability of the industry. He pointed out the fundamental basis for above average performance is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sustainable competitive advantageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in long run. For that sustainable competitive advantage he gave three generic competitive strategies. Cost Leadership: According to porter (1985), a firm is having cost advantage over his competitors if the cumulative cost of performing value activity is less than the competitors. He further discussed that a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost position is a function of; (a) the composition of their value chain to their competitors, (b) their relative position in cost drivers. Now, we see that how internet helps them to achieve them cost leadership by affecting the above two functions. Differentiation: Porter (1985) describes another strategy for competitive advantage is to differentiate their product with competitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products. This means raising the quality with ignoring the cost for the sake of quality. Now internet can help them to do that by interacting directly with customer and customizing products according to target group. Many firms now use blog site to interact with customers and promoting their new or customized product. Focus: Porter describe this as customizing products or services to suit a focused or small segment of consumer group. The internet helps firms to focus on different aspects of the products and customer group. Internet even allow firm to receive specification from each and every customers and according to them they can produce customized products or services. As discussed in chapter 3, the relation of physical and virtual value chain (Hollensen, 2001), we find there is virtual value chain corresponding to each physical value chain. By applying this value chain a firm can become cost leader as it depends on two factors discussed above. A firm can shift to virtual value chain to gain cost advantage over their competitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s physical value chain. For example Federal Express (FedEx), a shipment company allows consumer to track their parcels. This tracking system via internet is very efficient and economical. The FedEx has now reduced more than a million query calls per month by providing online shipment tracking system. This is one of the way of reducing cost and step towards cost leader position and at the same time it differentiate FedEx from their competitors. But this is not enough as sooner or later others will follow same practice and FedEx lose the competitive edge. The real edge lies on the innovative and creative way o f finding or changing physical value chain to virtual value chain. So now apart from technology, innovative idea of using technology is the key for success of a firm. Stuck in the middle Porter (1985) points out a situation, where a firm try to achieve both generic strategy (cost leadership and differentiation) but fails to achieve any of them. He calls this situation as stuck in the middle. According to him, a firm stuck in the middle will compete at disadvantage as others competitors (cost leader, differentiators) will be better positioned to compete in any segment. In case of Google AdSense, Google is offering a differentiated advertising tool at very low cost (usually one get this via auction, where price is driven by customer not producer) is offering a differentiated (highly unique and effective) advertisement. Here both cost leadership and differentiation is achieved by Google with the help of technology. Johnson et al (1998) discuss about the core competency of a firm may be difficult to imitate because they are complex. The google is doing the same thing by making the internal structure complex, which is hard to imitate by competitors. Thus, they can put the mselves in a position where for an advertisement position (ex. Out of five position or space, advertisers bid for first position then second and so on), firms bid among themselves. Thus, it is possible to achieve a position where a firm can achieve cost leadership and differentiation without compromising one for the other with the help of technology (say internet) and their own creativity (say way of using internet). E-business marketing Models and International Competitiveness Rayport and Sviokla Model According to Rayport and Sviokla (1995), the internet has changed the nature of trade. Internet has made both physical location of inventory and the actual place (marketplace) of trade irrelevant. They argued that traditional marketplace (the physical market) transaction has been replaced by markets place (virtual market or e-market) transaction. They concluded that brand equity is created in marketplace through content (i.e. the product offering), context (the communication programmes) and infrastructure (i.e. the pricing and value chain activity related to distribution). While in market space (internet marketing); content, context and infrastructure has been transformed to innovate new ways of creating value. The changes are: Content: Now, everything possible is delivered electronically whether it is product, service or information. Even though operating system (Microsoft window) are available online. They time to time update your system online without your request. But here is a challenge for a firm on deciding what information and service should be provided. How much access should be given to customers to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s database? The success of a firm will depend on the nature of the firm and the answer to these questions. Context: now, information is accessed through mobile phone or computers. Whatever information you want, from your bank account details to horoscope, all available electronically. The challenge here to identify who and where the potential customers are connected electronically. If there is any compatibility between computers and other mode of access information. Infrastructure: The internet provides the backbone for connection and delivery of value. Here the main question arises is about the reach, capability and potential of value creation via internet. Although this framework defines impact of e-business marketing but there is lot more to be done in terms of content, context and infrastructure. For a international market, the product (content) need to be customized as per local demand. This means, information delivered (context) should also be customized (i.e. need to be given in local language) and finally infrastructure is about transaction. Since there is no common currency in the world and it is also not easy to transact one currency to other and moreover suspicion remains in customers mind for foreign firms (especially for small firms). Dutta and Segevà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Market space Model Dutta and Segav (1998) has done a lot of research on market space and found that it has two dimension; technological capability and business strategy. The technological capability is further divided in two dimensions given below; Interactivity: according to Dutta and Segav (1998), internet is able to establish a interactive relationship between a firm and customers. Due to this there is a paradigm shift in customer services and product design. Connectivity: As internet can be accessed globally, so it creates a global market space. The growth in connectivity increases coordination and communication between a firm and consumers. These two aspects are transforming business model of organisation when applied to marketing mix of that firm. In this model one more element à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"customer relationshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ has been added. Transformation of product: This transformation is due to customization of products for a customer or a segment of customers. This is done with the help of active participation of customers in the specification and design of the products. Transformation of promotion: This transformation is a result of the use of online promotions (like sales and discount), online advertising, participation of customers in online promotion (like blogs), customization of online promotion and links with search engines or other related websites. Transformation of pricing: This transformation is a result of online availability of pricing information, pricing negotiation, and/or charging for the actual product consumed not for the whole product (ex. Internet service provider charges only for the amount of download not for staying online). Transformation of place: This transformation is due to facility of online ordering, real time processing of orders, online distribution of product and secured online payment facility. Transformation of customer relationship: this transformation is a result of online communication with customers. They are also offering online customer service, online customized service and processing of online feedback from customers. Figure 5.4 illustrate the new customer relationship. It was found that that internet transform the marketing mix variable to different degrees. According to their research the transformation in customer relationship is 62%, product 39%, placement 38% promotion 29% and price 12% due to use of internet. His research revealed that the firm using internet for customer relationship (such as using website to provide customer services) has done well compare to their competitors. The online customer service include providing product guides online, creating blog to share experience after using a product or service and providing online chat services. SWOT Analysis of Internet Strength: Expand Reachable Market: Internet allows you to reach to the markets which were previously unreachable to you without too much expenditure on it. Your potential and existing customers can now access you at any point of time without much fuss, irrespective of their location (home, office, park, cafÃÆ' ©, any where). Information Distribution: You can now provide information about your product and services to the audience without hassle. One can have a look of your store without physically reaching the store. Value Added Service: It is now easy to provide value added customer services online, such as providing technical publications, examples of product use, instructions and other value added bits of information. User Information Request: Customer can easily access information of a firm and their product or services via internet. They are now able to place a order and communicate with the firm for a customized product. A firm can get valuable information about their customer profile by exchanging information. Easy Location of Data: Users can easily access the information in the site by using a search engine. Firms also provide links as a form of advertisement to popular sites and search engines. Consistent Marketing: Utilize your existing communication, marketing and outreach strategies on the internet to establish a consistent communications approach. Integrating current or existing marketing assets like logos and customer artwork, can help save on web development costs. Utilize Existing Networks: Very effective and cheap way to reach your potential customers through links from related site or search engines or internet catalogs. The changes and addition to the site can be notified via e-mail to the customer. Save Mailing Costs: Once you are on internet, your lots of paper work and mailing costs vanished. Changing Content Is Easy: It is easy and cost effective to change contents after the design and architecture of a web site has be established and produced. Project and Work Sharing: now distance is not an obstacle to assist your boss or subordinate as you can share your work and help them through internet. Software like TeamViewer4 (will be discussed later) allows you to control others system through your system via internet. Weakness Existing infrastructure is unsuited to future requirements of mass market interactive multimedia communication. Many users do not trust the security of internet. E-mail which is the cheapest and fastest medium to send and receive information is often used to spread viruses, which can destroy data of system. Cookies, which are used by website to track your movement on that site, can also be used to track your movement to other sites, where you give your details while purchasing via credit card. This information can be used for malicious purpose. Internet is overloaded with information, much of it useless to most people. Opportunity The internet become faster and is able to provide large bandwidth which can support worldwide communication via video, audio and multimedia services. Demand for internet services and application will increase, justifying improvements in software and infrastructure. Internet users will demand faster and more powerful computers. Demand for simplified computer system may develop, so that non PC literate consumer can gain internet access. Traditional PC software will be improved to take advantage of internet opportunities. Demand for internet servers and other communication hardware will continue to rise. Increased home computer use may create demand for home-service computer maintenance. Commercial advertising will discover new approaches to communicating with customers. Enhanced universal education opportunities for the whole population. Threat Spam: It is basically unwanted e-mails and popup, usually in the form of advertising for a product or service. They not only waste your time but also uses up considerable bandwidth on internet. Malware: These are software made with wrong intention of damaging your system or to get information such as viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, adware, etc. Computer viruses (includes Virus hoaxes, Computer worms, Trojans): It is a programme made with wrong intention of destroying a system or data stored in the system.   Phishing: According to Financial Services Authority (FSA), the phishing has risen by 8000% by 2005 to 2008. According to an estimate by APACS,  £45.7 million will be lost to phishing scams in 2006, compared to  £4.5 million in 2003/2004. It is the practice where fraudsters acting as a legitimate organisations such as banks, online payment services etc., send misleading e-mails requesting personal and financial details (which includes credit cards, bank accounts, social security numbers, security codes, names addresses, login names passwords and phone number etc.) from unsuspecting recipients. They further use these information to transfer money into their own account from someone else account. Adware and Spyware: It is a software application, in which advertising is displayed while the programme is running, which often run without knowledge of users. These are in the form of banners or pop-ups that appear on the computer monitor. They reduce computer performance and disturb user. Some adware used for collecting information about users, they are called Spyware. Identity theft: Fraudsters are not only interested in your credit card details but also information about your credit reports, passwords and PIN, social insurance numbers, driving license numbers, mortgage details, addresses and phone numbers.  Computer criminals realized the power of information and they eye robbing databanks. This crime is growing rapidly and if they use remote computers they are hard to catch. According to internet statistics compendium, 2008, U.S. alone loses $53 billion per year. Safety tips Installing a fire-wall can reduce the risk of hackers gaining access to your computer. It also protects the system from Internet-borne threats such as spyware. Install anti-virus software to eliminate any infected data received. Install anti-spyware software to eliminate any spyware which will get through. Be cautious about giving your personal data online. While sending sensitive data, encrypt (encode) it, so that only desired recipients can decode it and access it.

Greatness-Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Dubois - 2413 Words

â€Å"Great people often receive violent opposition from violent minds† Albert Einstein This quote typifies the conditions in which both Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois were challenged with. Not only were they two exemplary examples of African American greatness, but they proved themselves to be two of the greatest leaders of the early twentieth century regardless of race. However, as Aristotle once said â€Å"people fear what they don’t understand, and hate what they can’t conquer† thus steps were taken to dismantle their â€Å"movements† at all costs. It was because of this the two were commonly pitted against each other in media outlets to create a rift in their collective following. Not that there was any truth to their â€Å"rivalry†,†¦show more content†¦He was seen as a sell out to those who no longer had patience for diligence and slowly earning your way to prominence, but sought immediacy in their ascent. The main reason for the lack of patience with Washington’s methodology was the immediacy with which blacks received their freedom. Because blacks had been slaves one day and free the next, it seemed as though the overall sentiment was that as slavery ended poverty should end as well. However, this was unrealistic and Washington had the foresight to see that. He knew that passionate speeches couldn’t put food on tables and vehement rallies couldn’t give people the skills needed to work jobs. The fact that we still mention his name shows that there were individuals who believed in his message, but who knows how greatly our condition as a race could have been ameliorated had we just gathered the strength to ignore the critics and accept the word for what it was worth. Blacks were not the only faction to criticize Booker T. Washington’s message. Whites saw Washington as a threat and thus he needed to be silenced as well. Although he did not preach militancy or rebellion, he did preach self-esteem and diligenceShow MoreRelatedThe Negro And Signs Of Civilization118 8 Words   |  5 Pageswar era. W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington are considered by historians, two of the prominent leaders of the black community in the late 19th and early 20th century who sought inclusion and equality through social and economic progress. While their end goals were the same, the means in which they utilized their platforms and their philosophy on how best to accomplish this varied. Among other accomplishments, DuBois’ efforts in the civil rights agenda to the founding of the NAACP. DuBois advocatedRead More african american leaders Essay961 Words   |  4 Pages Jesse Jackson, Mumia Abu-Jamal, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B DuBois are all African American leaders. All of these men were leaders in their own time and their own sense, living in different eras with different views, but they all shared common ground. All four were African Americans trying to overcome obstacles and become influential leaders in their society. Jesse Jackson was an African American civil rights activist and political leader. He was born in Greenville, South Carolina in 1941Read MoreWilliam Dubois And African American Achievement Since The Paris World s Fair818 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam DuBois was one of this country s most important activist and educator. He was born in 1868 in a small village in Massachusetts. DuBois was attacked by racism in 19th century while attending Fisk University in Nashville. While completing his graduate studies at Harvard , W.E.B Duboi wrote an passage on the history of the slave trade. The slave trade is still considered one of the most talked about subject today. In 1895 W.E.B. Dubois was the first ever African American to earn a doctor degreeRead MoreThe For Black Greek Organizations1354 Words   |  6 Pageswith differing philosophies on racial uplift attempted to assist black America’s lower class centering the ‘uplift’ movement which were Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Dubois. Booker T. Washington s thought resided in making black people indispensable within the agriculture economy by providing specific training at institutions such as Tuskegee. While W.E.B. Dubois sought out opportunity to encourage, the brightest African American minds to pursue professional careers, and in doing so will provideRead MoreEssay on Booker T. Washingtons Immense Achievements 952 Words   |  4 Pages1856, Booker Taliaferro Washington was born into slavery in Hale’s Ford, Virginia on a local plantation. Being born into slavery, it was quite clear that Washington would never amount to much. Knowing this though, did not stop hi m from dreaming about the many achievements he wanted to accomplish. Washington’s passion to learn is what transformed him into, not a lowly slave, but instead: an educator, a writer and the founder of the Tuskegee Institute. Through these achievements though, Booker T. WashingtonRead MoreW.E.B. Du Bois vs. Booker T. Washington2991 Words   |  12 PagesBurghardt DuBois, to his admirers, was by spirited devotion and scholarly dedication, an attacker of injustice and a defender of freedom. A harbinger of Black nationalism and Pan-Africanism, he died in self-imposed exile in his home away from home with his ancestors of a glorious pastÂâ€"Africa. Labeled as a radical, he was ignored by those who hoped that his massive contributions would be buried along side of him. But, as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote, history cannot ignore W.E.B. 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He soon earned his Master s degree from the University of Chicago. He later earns a doctorate degree from Harvard University. Woodson used his talentRead MoreEssay on Imperium in Imperio1714 Words   |  7 Pages According to W.E.B. Dubois, assimilation distinctly asks that black people give up political power and civil rights. He also goes on to say that assimilation leads to the disfranchisement of the Black race and the legal creation of a distinct status of civil inferiority (Griggs 28). If we are to assimilate in order to uplift, then we must believe that our race is inferior. Assimilation only urges an individual to further submit (Du Bois 45). 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Sacred Destination Paper - 676 Words

Sacred Destination Paper HUM/105 2014 Shyla Lang The Garden of Eden The Garden of Eden is a sacred place to many people. This is a place that may or not actually exist, and if it is a real place it has not been confirmed. If the Garden of Eden was ever located it would be a place worth visiting. The Origins The origins of the Garden of Eden come from the book of Genesis in the Old Testament of the Bible. The word Eden means delight in Hebrew probably derives from the Akkadian word edinu. Edinu is believed to derive from the Sumerian term E.DIN which means plain or steppe. The connection may be coincidental, although E.DIN is known to have been used by the Sumerians to refer to Mesopotamia as†¦show more content†¦Paradise in Persian means royal garden or hunting-park. And the Garden of Righteousness appears in Jewish mythology and is said to have be beautiful and glorious in the beginning and it will be beautiful and glorious in the end. The Comparison Creation myths across cultures have several obvious similarities and differences. There is substantial importance in the larger ideas, such as gender, the role of the human beings, and the outcome of the creation. I find it fascinating that many of the mythical stories from around the world have told a story where a God floods the earth. I think the flood stories in each myth may be a link between them. Creation myths concern our ancestors and gods of nature; the earth, the sky, the sun, the moon, and the stars. They are supernatural explanations of human origin and they help explain what humans could not explain to answers question about the creation of the earth and man that could be passed on for generations. Our culture and history would not be the same without the mythical place that surround the stories of our creation. Conclusion The stories of mythology in each different culture have a sacred meaning to the people of that culture. 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In North Dakota, the Dakota Access Pipeline is now being built which will ruin many burial and sacred sites of one of the local reservations near Bismarck. This pipeline will span from North Dakota to Patoka, Illinois, polluting and poisoning large areas of lands.Read MoreThe Principles Of Servant Leadership1282 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to Select and research a contemporary political, social, religious, or business, leader to learn about how the leader employs Greenleaf s principles of servant leadership to motivate, influence, and lead others. Summary of the principles of servant leadership employed by Joel Osteen. According to the reflection of on Joel Osteen’s latest book; Become a Better you, by Horton, (2017) Osteen employees several servant leadership’s principles. 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Vehicular Networking

Question: Write an essay on Vehicular Networking. Answer: It have been seen that there are several opportunities that have emerged in the vehicular networking area. There is a span to provide the access of the basic internet to enable the communication for having an autonomous control of the infrastructure of the entire transportation. It will be done in such a way that is analogous to the switching of the packets in the computer networks. It has been seen that most of the opportunities has the focus on the improvements that are real based on efficiency of systems, safety of driver and the congestion. It actually has the deal to improve the experience in driving. The networking of vehicle actually provides the serving of the technologies that are most important for the implementation of the applications related to the pedestrians, passengers, vehicles and its drivers. The Intelligent Transport Systems has the objective for streamlining the vehicle operations and managing the traffic of vehicle. It also assists the drivers regarding safety. Some major instances of such system are Automated Tolls Collection System. The movement in the grass root level has been assisted by the efforts of coordination to standardize the bodies, which make the targets for setting the principles. Such principles have the aim for providing communication system solutions that has involvement of vehicles and the user within the vehicles. The requirements of networking include vehicle capabilities of absolute positioning, radio communication, security, data and system integrity. References Alvear, scar, et al. "VEWE: A Vehicle ECU Wireless Emulation Tool Supporting OBD-II Communication and Geopositioning."Ad-hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Networks. Springer International Publishing, 2014. 432-445. Rawat, Danda B., et al. "Trust On the Security of Wireless Vehicular Ad-hoc Networking."Ad Hoc Sensor Wireless Networks24.3-4 (2015): 283-305. Rawat, Danda B., et al. "Trust On the Security of Wireless Vehicular Ad-hoc Networking."Ad Hoc Sensor Wireless Networks24.3-4 (2015): 283-305. Alvear, scar, et al. "VEWE: A Vehicle ECU Wireless Emulation Tool Supporting OBD-II Communication and Geopositioning."Ad-hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Networks. Springer International Publishing, 2014. 432-445.

Security Plan For Longfellows Wine Group Information Technology Essay Essay Example

Security Plan For Longfellows Wine Group Information Technology Essay Essay With the duty for the private informations of 1000s of clients, its no admiration that Longfellows group counts information security as one of its top precedences. The end of Longfellows security plan is to implement cost effectual countermeasures that mitigate the exposures that will most likely lead to loss. This paper discusses the menaces which put Longfellows most at hazard of loss and the controls which they employ to countermeasure those menaces. A elaborate security policy is discussed, sketching single duties, security processs and catastrophe recovery programs. This paper besides makes future recommendations as to how Longfellows could break increase the security of their systems into the hereafter. We will write a custom essay sample on Security Plan For Longfellows Wine Group Information Technology Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Security Plan For Longfellows Wine Group Information Technology Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Security Plan For Longfellows Wine Group Information Technology Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Executive Summary: 2 1. Introduction 4 2. Organisation Description 4 Comprises of Longfellows Insurance Brokers, Longfellows Wine Export Pty Ltd, Winefellows Pty ltd, and Longfellows Shanghai Trading Pty Ltd. Presently they have 5 full clip employees in the Melbourne Office with two authorised representatives for the insurance securities firm one in QLD and one in NSW. The Melbourne office comprises of our chief / manager, Senior Insurance agent, Support Marketing and Administration trough, bookkeeper and Wine Export Logistics and China liaison. 4 There is eight staff in the Shanghai office including the Shanghai manager wholly related to gross revenues and disposal of wine exports into China from Australia. 4 . 4 2.1 Current Networked System 4 2.2 Organisational Chart 5 3 Security Policy 6 3.1 Security Goals 6 3.1.1 Duties of the Principle Director 6 3.1.2 Duties of the Operations Manager 7 3.1.3 Duties of the Marketing Officer 7 3.1.4 Duties of the Financial Controller 8 3.1.5 Duties of the IT Manager 9 3.2 Duties for Goals 9 3.3 Committedness to Security. 10 4. Current Security Status 10 4.1 Accidents and Catastrophes 10 4.1.1 Threats and Controls 10 4.1.2 Data Analysis 11 4.1.3 Cost Effectiveness of Controls 11 4.2 Data Attacks 12 4.2.1 Threats and Controls 12 4.2.2 Data Analysis 12 4.2.3 Cost Effectiveness of Controls 13 5. Decisions 13 6. Recommendations 14 6.1 Internal A ; External menaces 14 6.1.1 Threats and Controls 14 6.1.2 Data Analysis 14 6.1.3 Cost Effectiveness of Controls 15 7. Execution of recommended controls 15 7.1 Timetabling 15 7.2 Responsibility 15 7.3 Schedule for Review of Security and Control Items 16 Mentions 17 18 Appendix B 19 Appendix C 22 1. Introduction With the of all time increasing menace from virus, spyware, hackers and individuality offense the demand for secure calculating informations and equipment has reached new degrees in the modern age. Every administration and computing machine user knows all to well the harm malicious package can make to a computer science system, with that in head, major Information technology companies have develop ways to battle against these menaces and most employ more than one technique. Longfellows is Insurance company which offers securities firm and policies to concern and single clients likewise. Longfellows understands the demand to protect client s personal informations utilizing the best industry patterns and equipment available. Henry wadsworth longfellows do nt officially hold a security policy in relation to its calculating system but do hold one in topographic point for their employees. This papers will assist to sketch that policy and place the duties of all users. This papers chief focal point is to place those menaces probably to do failure or loss to Longfellows calculating systems and to seek to quantify those menaces and set up the cost of the controls to decrease those menaces. 2. Administration Description Comprises of Longfellows Insurance Brokers, Longfellows Wine Export Pty Ltd, Winefellows Pty ltd, and Longfellows Shanghai Trading Pty Ltd. Presently they have 5 full clip employees in the Melbourne Office with two authorised representatives for the insurance securities firm one in QLD and one in NSW. The Melbourne office comprises of our chief / manager, Senior Insurance agent, Support Marketing and Administration trough, bookkeeper and Wine Export Logistics and China affair. There is eight staff in the Shanghai office including the Shanghai manager wholly related to gross revenues and disposal of wine exports into China from Australia. . 2.1 Current Networked System Desktops: They presently have 10 Desktop machines in the Melbourne office with two of these moving as waiters and two of these are run on a splitter for the disposal manger/ selling. Laptop computing machines: Two laptops in Melbourne office for manager and senior agent and authorized reps have a lap top each. Printers: Three One coloring material bubble jet / Two Black and white optical masers. Waiters: One waiter runs HPML 10 Windowss Microsoft windows little concern waiter 2003 R2 and other one runs HP ML 10 Windows 2003 R2 Internet connexion: Speed is ADSL 2 plus provided by TPG cyberspace 2.2 Organisational Chart George Zaal Director Kellie Rose Administration/ Marketing Insurance A ; Wine Export Alex Jenner Operation Manager Insurance Lee Yan Logisticss and Supply Office for vino export Spirio Bombos IT Manager Johanna Garry Histories Insurance and Wine Export 3 Security Policy 3.1 Security Goals 3.1.1 Duties of the Principle Director Longfellows rule manager assures the security of all calculating assets processed internally or externally. ( Caelli, 1991 ) . This duty entails the execution of equal safe guards, including physical, administrative and proficient, to protect personal proprietorship and other sensitive informations, which may shack within the company s legal power. Giving consideration to Longfellows bing security patterns and past jobs a proficient security plan should incorporate at least the followers: Assign exclusive duty of all hardware and package installings to Spirio or to those who may win his place. Keep a showing and interview procedures for all those who operate or maintain computing machine systems with sensitive company informations. Levels of showing should be performed by the appropriate degree of direction with equal accomplishments to judge campaigners for the function. Specify a control procedure, implemented by appropriate direction to guarantee all new computing machine applications and alterations are physically and technically safe from failure, if informations is peculiarly sensitive so at a lower limit a bomber set of constabularies and duties should be included. Approve all application alterations prior to installing of the application and guarantee the person responsible for the security of the application has appropriate blessing. Review and look into all application proving, to see if the application meets approved security specifications. Upon completion of proving, a alteration of the consequences should be documented. Any interested parties should site the papers, there by admiting the application performs harmonizing to the trial process and meets the security policy. Longfellows rule manager and IT director will carry on and sporadically supervise the security precautions of sensitive application informations. Any amendments shall be documented and organised as portion of security paperss. Monitoring of system applications will be determined at appropriate intervals by direction and IT director. Any procurance of new hardware, package or other calculating peripherals are to be reviewed to guarantee they run into appropriate security demands and they conform to bing security constabularies. Assign duty to the IT director to carry on a hazard analysis of each computing machine installing. The hazard analysis should specify any possible failing with each constituent and aid cut down loss of sensitive informations in a ruinous event. An analysis should be performed whenever a new piece of equipment is introduced into the system, prior to blessing by direction and at periodic intervals non transcending longer than three old ages. Assign duties to guarantee the appropriate eventuality programs are topographic point to cover with a information loss event or equipment failure. These programs should detail the appropriate action/s and responsible parties in order to the return services. Plans should be reviewed when there are alterations to the system or the resulting losingss are increased. 3.1.2 Duties of the Operations Manager The operations director Alex Jenner ( current ) or predecessors shall help the manager and IT Manager in keeping the unity and security of all insurance informations and client contact inside informations. The operations director should adhere to current security policies and guarantee all personal and properness insurance informations is secure from failure. Should guarantee that equal cheques are performed before leting persons to come in or modify sensitive informations. Should guarantee in the event of failure that information is recoverable and that losingss are keep to a lower limit. 3.1.3 Duties of the Marketing Officer The Marketing director Kellie Rose ( current ) or predecessors shall help the manager and IT Manager in keeping the unity and security of all selling informations and email contact inside informations. The selling director should adhere to current security policies and guarantee all personal and properness selling informations is secure from failure. Should guarantee that equal cheques are performed before leting persons to come in or modify sensitive informations. Should guarantee in the event of failure that information is recoverable and that losingss are keep to a lower limit. 3.1.4 Duties of the Financial Controller The fiscal accountant Johanna Garry ( current ) or predecessors shall help the manager and IT Manager in keeping the unity and security of all fiscal informations. The fiscal accountant should adhere to current security policies and guarantee all personal and properness insurance informations is secure from failure. Should guarantee that equal cheques are performed before leting persons to come in or modify sensitive informations. Should guarantee in the event of failure that information is recoverable and that losingss are keep to a lower limit. 3.1.5 Duties of the IT Manager The IT director, with the blessing and way, of the rule manager shall: Issue and enforce security constabularies in line with the companies legal demands company criterions and industry best pattern for implementing calculating security. Ensure any purchase of new calculating equipment, whether package or hardware fitting current security policies Monitor and supply appropriate installations to house calculating equipment, so that ruinous events are minimised and unauthorized entry to sensitive calculating equipment is prevented. Ensure all calculating users are cognizant of system security steps and to react in instances of system failure. Conduct and reappraisal package and hardware system before and after their debut to the system. The reappraisal procedure must be documented and approved by appropriate direction. 3.2 Duties for Goals Position Incumbent Goals Director George Zaal 3.1.1 3.1.1.1 3.1.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 Operationss Manager Alex Jenner 3.1.2 Marketing Military officer Kellie Rose 3.1.3 Financial Controller Johanna Garry 3.1.4 IT Manager Spirio Bombos 3.1.5 3.3 Committedness to Security. As Longfellows is chiefly an Insurance agent, security is of the topmost importance. All of Longfellows employees are required to reexamine and subscribe the company s Information Security Policy, as per employee contracts. The aim of these contracts is to educate employees on the sensitiveness of the confidential informations stored on the Longfellows systems and to guarantee that all protections are taken to safe guard Information Assets and bound exposure to those people without a demand to cognize. Personal and Insurance information that is held on by Longfellows is protected through the usage of secure watchwords, firewalls and a locked and restrained premiss. Entree to personal information is limited to those who specifically need it to carry on their concern duties. Longfellows besides maintain physical security processs to pull off and protect the usage and storage of paper records incorporating personal information. Longfellows will merely maintain personal information so long as required by jurisprudence and will take sensible stairss to destruct or for good de-identify personal information when we no longer needed. Longfellows will non unwrap information about you to a company which is non a related entity unless the revelation is required or authorised by jurisprudence, or you have consented to unwraping the information about you. If you apply for an insurance policy, they may necessitate to unwrap your information to our related entities, our distributers such as agents and agents, other insurance companies, and insurance mention agency in order to find your claims history. I believe Longfellows is extremely committed to guaranting calculating security and personal security of all their clients. This degree of security committedness helps to develop a trusting relationship with their clients and unafraid prospective concern in the hereafter. 4. Current Security Status 4.1 Accidents and Catastrophes 4.1.1 Threats and Controls Power rushs, Fire, hardware failures and inadvertent omissions are low hazard events. As the companies chief office is in a major capital power breaks are uncommon, the last reported major power outage was summer of 2009 for Melbourne ( ABC News, viewed 3 May 2009 ) which caused important jobs for most of the metropolis. Rush defenders are placed on all electrical calculating sockets to pretext against unexpected power rushs. Fire could do the most important harm to the calculating system hardware and any non backup informations. The waiter room is protected by a gas extinction system which would protect hardware if the fire started else ware. All desktops would necessitate replacing as the fire system is a standard H2O system. Accidental omissions are non common events, if they were to happen informations from the backup thrust could be used to reconstruct services and informations. Hardware failures may ensue in non antiphonal constituents of the system, if a constituent is suspected of being faulty a suited replacings are readily available at a really low cost. 4.1.2 Data Analysis Figures are derived from Figure 1 Appendix A. The likeliness of exposure is a quantitative figure scaled from 0.0 to 1.0. The higher the figure indicates a high opportunity of exposure to a menace. A figure of 0.3 for power loss indicates this menace is non likely to happen shortly but still may go on at some point. Unrelated to likelihood value Level of exposure figure is per centum figure which indicates the effect should a menace eventuate. A high per centum figure would bespeak for illustration, that should a fire destroy the system so merely approximately 25 % of the system would be affected, insurance A ; personal informations could be restored from backups and waiter and desktop package re-installed from purchased package discs, all located off-premise. The cost of replacing all calculating hardware is around $ 12,000. Control bing are based upon the in agreement values of controls in topographic point to battle possible menaces, Longfellows has a dedicated waiter room with a gas fire suppression system. It has a really high apparatus associated with the apparatus The one-year loss anticipation figure is derived from the value of the plus and it quantitative value should it be compromised by a menace. As most of the menaces are see low the loss is every bit low. Combined control effectivity is a per centum figure which represents the entire effectivity of all controls against menaces for information onslaughts it s estimated to be about 99 % effectual. Savingss are calculated against the one-year cost anticipation combined with control effectiveness figure, weighted against the cost of implementing the controls. Covered Loss describes the exposed cost against the possible nest eggs. 4.1.3 Cost Effectiveness of Controls The entire hazard analysis is planned for five old ages, if the company were non to see against the possible menaces so they could anticipate to lose around $ 4000 per twelvemonth. The high apparatus cost with the fire system reduces nest eggs for the first three old ages until the system pays for itself in old ages four and five. Hardware failure and package omissions are good covered by informations backup and the comparatively inexpensive cost of calculating system on the market. Security menaces from internal and external users are besides considered in the analysis. Logins from a distant beginning utilizing a valid user ID is possible given entree is granted to insurance field agents, likely interlopers could utilize cardinal lumbermans or package sniffers to observe an unfastened session with Longfellows waiter and addition entry via utilizing valid login certificates. Internal user may inadvently may derive entree to countries of sensitive informations through the internal web, to which they may non hold rights to position. This sort of invasion may travel unnoticed but if the employee were of all time to travel on so sensitive information may be used or divulged to an un-trusted outside beginning. 4.2 Datas Attacks 4.2.1 Threats and Controls As Longfellows employ s two waiters, eight desktops and two remote login computing machines for field employees it has high exposure to data onslaughts. Internet entree is allowed with no limitations so the menace from viruses either come ining from internal or external beginnings is high. Types of informations onslaughts may include worms, Trojan horses, and Spam or electronic mail lumbermans. As with any company or single utilizing the cyberspace, the menace of virus and other malicious package is considered high. Controls against this sort of onslaught are by and large provisioned for by utilizing the latest anti virus package, presently Longfellows usage Symantec Antivirus corporate edition, with a 12 month renewable licence. Two other controls are considered the Native O/S, Longfellows uses Microsoft little concern waiter, which contains security logs as portion of the O/S. Logs can capture any unusual events which may happen when the system is running. The other control is the external difficult rive which is used for regular backups of the sever informations, the thrust is maintain off premiss and is used hebdomadally. 4.2.2 Data Analysis The likeliness of exposure is a quantitative figure scaled from 0.0 to 1.0. The higher the figure indicates a high opportunity of exposure menace. A figure of 0.9 indicates this menace is likely to happen at some point. Unrelated to likelihood value Level of exposure figure is per centum figure which indicates the effect should a menace eventuate. A high per centum figure would bespeak for illustration, that should a virus enter the system so 85 % of the system could be affected. Control bing are based upon the in agreement values of package or hardware controls in topographic point to battle possible menaces, Longfellows uses antivirus package which is renewable every 12 months, a portable difficult thrust for system backup and the pick of O/S for the system ( i.e. Windows ) used for logging studies and audits of the system. The one-year loss anticipation figure is derived from the value of the plus and it quantitative value should it be compromised by a menace. A virus for illustration could be the company a $ 100,000 in corrupted informations. Each twelvemonth the value of a loss increases a 100 % . Combined control effectivity is a per centum figure which represents the entire effectivity of all controls against menaces for information onslaughts it s estimated to be about 80 % effectual. Savingss are calculated against the one-year cost anticipation combined with control effectiveness figure, weighted against the cost of implementing the controls. Covered Loss describes the exposed cost against the possible nest eggs. 4.2.3 Cost Effectiveness of Controls The entire hazard analysis is planned for five old ages, if the company were non to see against the possible menaces so they could anticipate to lose in surplus of $ 1000000 in lost informations but by passing $ 5000 over five old ages could anticipate to command any of the menaces happening at all. 5. Decisions Longfellows implements some really good criterion patterns for procuring calculating informations, the usage of an industry trusted waiter which comes bundle with security characteristics built in, for illustration user histories, watchword creative activity and user privileges on the web. A current anti-virus bundle is used in concurrence with the O/S to protect against information onslaughts, with updates this should maintain the system free from viruses introduced via cyberspace or by work users. As an insurance agent they evidently keep sensitive personal and fiscal informations about clients so to protect this plus, they use of an external Hardrive kept of premiss, and used on a regular basis to maintain the system current in the event of system failure or inadvertent omissions. The chief disbursal is for the fire system in the waiter room, its initial spending was high and the company should truly merely be seeing a return on this in the hereafter. On the whole most controls have been comparatively inexpensive to implement and supply great security benefits. Overall the administration is non in demand of a major system upgrade, but could fasten overall security by implementing some of the undermentioned recommendations. 6. Recommendations As Longfellows system is comparatively unafraid merely one recommendation is presented. This is to fasten security with regard to external and internal interlopers. As two users have remote login with the system, it possibly possible for hackers to happen ways to externally commandeer the system. Detailed below is analysis for commanding such menaces. 6.1 Internal A ; External menaces 6.1.1 Threats and Controls Whether by accident or with malicious purpose the menace of unwraping secure information by internal employees is a existent menace. Longfellows employees are signed into contracts saying confidentiality about company clients, but it is still possible for an internal user to derive entree to unauthorized countries of a system by-passing security characteristics. The menace of external interlopers is of higher importance sophisticated computing machine usage s can utilize arrange of tools to derive entree to procure system, package sniffing, cardinal lumbermans and unfastened Sessionss are ways external user addition entree so go forth a back door for ulterior entry, all the clip seeking to intensify privileges within the system. It s recommended that Longfellows use a two fold attack to command these types of menaces An ISA endeavor firewall, a Microsoft merchandise specifically designed to run with Windowss little concern server a basic bundle provides unafraid coverage for a little to medium size web 2. Another hardware device a NIDS ( web invasion sensing system ) switch. All traffic will go through through the inline NIDS. Unlike a regular bridging device though, the inline NIDS will inspect the package for any exposures that it is configured to look for. If a package contains a piece of information that trips a signature the package can be forwarded or dropped and either logged or unlogged. This type of system is utile if you do nt desire the aggressor to cognize that their onslaughts are unsuccessful or if you want the aggressor to go on to assail one of your systems in an effort to garner more grounds. NIDS can besides be configured to analyze packages within the internal web. 6.1.2 Data Analysis The likeliness of exposure is a quantitative figure scaled from 0.0 to 1.0. The higher the figure indicates a high opportunity of exposure menace. A figure of 0.7 indicates this menace is extremely likely to happen at some point. Unrelated to likelihood value Level of exposure figure is per centum figure which indicates the effect should a menace eventuate. A high per centum figure would bespeak for illustration, that should an interloper enter the system so 85 % of the system could be affected. Control costing is based upon the in agreement market values of package or hardware controls in topographic point to battle possible menaces Longfellows if they were to implement these controls would be around $ 10,000 The one-year loss anticipation figure is derived from the value of the plus and it quantitative value should it be compromised by a menace. An external onslaught for illustration could be the company a $ 200,000 if the interloper went unnoticed and stole personal information of Longfellows clients. Each twelvemonth the value of a loss increases a 100 % . Combined control effectivity is a per centum figure which represents the entire effectivity of all controls against menaces for information onslaughts it s estimated to be about 80 % effectual. Savingss are calculated against the one-year cost anticipation combined with control effectiveness figure, weighted against the cost of implementing the controls. Covered Loss describes the exposed cost against the possible nest eggs. 6.1.3 Cost Effectiveness of Controls Longfellows would derive vastly from implementing tighter control of internal and external aggressors, really important personal informations, which may include recognition and banking inside informations could be capable to unauthorized entree. By put ining a more robust firewall and NIDS system security breaches become more hard for likely interlopers. The cost of puting the controls in topographic point far outweighs the loss, if a security breach of all time occurs. 7. Execution of recommended controls 7.1 Timetabling See Appendix C -Gantt chart 7.2 Duty Control Undertaking Description Undertaking duty Supervision NIDS switch Acquisition A ; Purchase Financial Controller IT Manager Director Installation A ; Initial proving IT Manager Director Final System proving IT Manager Director ISA Firewall Acquisition A ; Purchase Financial Controller IT Manager Director Installation A ; Initial proving IT Manager Director Final System proving IT Manager Director 7.3 Schedule for Review of Security and Control Items Item for Review Duty Frequency Virus package reappraisal IT Manager Weekly O/S upgrade + licensing Financial accountant Annually External Hardrive proving + ascent IT Manager 3 months Rush defenders proving Constructing care officer A ; IT director 12 months Fire system proving Fire section 6 months ISA Firewall IT director 3 months NIDS switch IT trough 3 months Password file Administration officer Weekly Security policy reappraisal IT Manager/ Director 12 months